盘点各种版本的万圣节传统和起源

“不给糖就捣蛋”游戏、南瓜灯、诡异的服装，这些都是万圣节的经典传统。但你知道这些传统有多个版本的起源故事吗？你知道糖苹果和玉米糖是怎么成为万圣节美食的吗？你知道万圣节装饰常用的黑色和橙色象征着什么吗？不要傻傻地只知道化装舞会和南瓜灯了，一起来丰富一下关于万圣节的有趣知识吧！

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1. CARVING HALLOWEEN JACK-O'-LANTERNS

雕刻万圣节南瓜灯

Jack-O'-Lanterns, which originated in Ireland using turnips instead of pumpkins, are supposedly based on a legend about a man named Stingy Jack who repeatedly trapped the Devil and only let him go on the condition that Jack would never go to Hell. When he died, however, Jack learned that Heaven didn’t really want his soul either, so he was condemned to wander the Earth as a ghost for all eternity. The Devil gave Jack a lump of burning coal in a carved-out turnip to light his way. Eventually, locals began carving frightening faces into their own gourds to scare off evil spirits.

南瓜灯起源于爱尔兰，最开始是由萝卜雕的，不是南瓜。传说有个绰号叫“吝啬鬼杰克”的男人屡次捉住魔鬼，并且要魔鬼允诺永远不会让他下地狱才肯放掉魔鬼。然而，他去世时才知道，天堂也不愿意接受他的灵魂，所以他只能做孤魂野鬼，永远在人间游荡。魔鬼给了杰克一个装有燃煤的雕刻萝卜作为照明的灯笼。久而久之，当地人也开始在他们的南瓜上雕刻狰狞的面容，以驱赶恶灵。

2. SEEING GHOSTS

幽灵出没

Celtic people believed that during the festival Samhain, which marked the transition to the new year at the end of the harvest and beginning of the winter, spirits walked the Earth. Later, the introduction of All Souls Day on November 2 by Christian missionaries perpetuated the idea of a mingling between the living and the dead around the same time of year.

凯尔特人认为，在萨温节期间，幽灵便在人间徘徊。萨温节标志着新的一年的开始（在古凯尔特人的信仰里，新的一年于11月1日开始）和收获季到冬天的过渡。之后，教传教士在11月2号设立了万灵节，宣扬称会在一年的这个时间相聚。

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3. WEARING SCARY COSTUMES

穿吓人的衣服

With all these ghosts wandering around the Earth during Samhain, the Celts had to get creative to avoid being terrorized by evil spirits. To fake out the ghosts, people would don disguises so they would be mistaken for spirits themselves and left alone.

传说萨温节期间有许多可怕的幽灵游荡人间，凯尔特人必须巧妙设法避开它们。为了瞒过恶灵，人们会将自己打扮成幽灵的样子，这样幽灵便会误以为对方是同类而离开。

fake out: 以欺骗手法制胜

4. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE PAGAN WAY

非教版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”

There is a lot of debate around the origins of trick-or-treating. One theory proposes that during Samhain, Celtic people would leave out food to placate the souls and ghosts and spirits traveling the Earth that night. Eventually, people began dressing up as these otherworldly beings in exchange for similar offerings of food and drink.

关于“不给糖就捣蛋”传统的来源有很多争议，其中一种说法是，凯尔特人在萨温节期间会摆出食物来安抚那天夜里在人间徘徊的亡灵和鬼神。后来，人们也开始打扮成亡灵的样子，来换取食物和饮料。

Photo by Haley Phelps on Unsplash

5. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE SCOTTISH WAY

苏格兰版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”

Other researchers speculate that the candy bonanza stems from the Scottish practice of guising, itself a secular version of souling. In the Middle Ages, soulers, usually children and poor adults, would go to local homes and collect food or money in return for prayers said for the dead on All Souls’ Day. Guisers ditched the prayers in favor of non-religious performances like jokes, songs, or other “tricks.”

还有些学者猜测这一传统来源于苏格兰的化装习俗——将自己装扮成世俗的幽灵。在中世纪时期，儿童和贫穷的成人通常会装扮成幽灵，到本地人的家里乞求食物或钱，并以在万灵节为死者祈祷作为回报。随着时间流逝，化装者不再用祈祷，而是用笑话、歌曲或其他“把戏”等非宗教表演作为回报。

6. GOING TRICK-OR-TREATING, THE AMERICAN WAY

美国版本的“不给糖就捣蛋”

Some sources argue that our modern trick-or-treating stems from belsnickling, a tradition in German-American communities where children would dress in costume and then call on their neighbors to see if the adults could guess the identities of the disguised guests. In one version of the practice, the children were rewarded with food or other treats if no one could identify them.

一些来源指出，现代的“不给糖就捣蛋”来源于德裔美国人社区的一个名叫“贝斯尼克”的传统。孩子们化装好，然后去拜访邻居，看他们能否猜出装扮后的客人是谁。在其中一个版本的习俗中，如果没被认出来，这个孩子就可以得到食物或者其他奖励。

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7. GETTING SPOOKED BY BLACK CATS

不祥的黑猫

The association of black cats and spookiness actually dates all the way back to the Middle Ages, when these dark kitties were considered a symbol of the Devil. It didn’t help the felines’ reputations when, centuries later, accused witches were often found to have cats, especially black ones, as companions. People started believing that the cats were a witch’s “familiar”—animals that gave them an assist with their dark magic—and the two have been linked ever since.

黑猫和幽灵的联系可以追溯到中世纪，当时黑色的小猫被视为魔鬼的象征。即使在几个世纪以后，黑猫的名声也没有好转，因为被指控为巫婆的人通常都有猫作伴，特别是黑猫。人们开始相信猫是巫婆“亲密”的伙伴，并能助长她们的黑魔法。自此之后两者便常常被联系在一起。

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8. BOBBING FOR APPLES

咬苹果游戏

This game traces its origins to a courting ritual that was part of a Roman festival honoring Pomona, the goddess of agriculture and abundance. Multiple variations existed, but the gist was that young men and women would be able to foretell their future relationships based on the game. When the Romans conquered the British Isles, the Pomona festival was blended with the similarly timed Samhain, a precursor to Halloween.

咬苹果游戏的起源可以追溯到一个求爱仪式。它是罗马节日的一部分，用来纪念农业和丰饶女神波莫娜。这个游戏有多种变化，但主旨在于年轻男女能够根据游戏来预测他们未来的关系。罗马人征服不列颠群岛时，波莫纳节与几乎同时期的萨温节（万圣节的前身）融合在一起。

precursor[priˈkɜːrsər]: n. 前兆

9. DECORATING WITH BLACK AND ORANGE

用黑色和橙色作为装饰主色调

The classic Halloween colors can also trace their origins back to the Celtic festival Samhain. Black represented the “death” of summer while orange is emblematic of the autumn harvest season.

这两个经典的万圣节颜色也可以追溯到凯尔特人的萨温节。黑色象征着夏天的“死亡”，而橙色则象征着秋收季节。

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10. PLAYING PRANKS

玩恶作剧

As a phenomenon that often varies by region, the pre-Halloween tradition, also known as “Devil’s Night”, is credited with a different origin depending on whom you ask. Some sources say that pranks were originally part of May Day celebrations. But Samhain, and eventually All Souls Day, seem to have included good-natured mischief. When Scottish and Irish immigrants came to America, they brought along the tradition of celebrating Mischief Night as part of Halloween, which was great for candy-fueled pranksters.

万圣节前的恶作剧传统也被称为“魔鬼之夜”，经常因地而异。不同的人对它的起源有着不同的回答。有一些来源称，恶作剧原本是五一劳动节庆祝活动的一部分。但是萨温节，以及后来的万灵节，似乎就已经包含了善意的恶作剧。苏格兰和爱尔兰移民来到美国，他们也带来了在万圣节前夕庆祝“恶作剧之夜”的传统，这对于酷爱糖果的恶作剧者来说太棒了。

11. LIGHTING CANDLES AND BONFIRES

点燃蜡烛和篝火

These days, candles are more likely than towering traditional bonfires, but for much of the early history of Halloween, open flames were integral in lighting the way for souls seeking the afterlife.

如今，在万圣节庆祝活动中，人们更有可能点燃蜡烛而不是高耸的传统篝火。但在万圣节的早期历史中，明火在为寻求来世的灵魂照亮道路方面是不可或缺的。

Photo by Derrick Brooks on Unsplash

12. EATING CANDY APPLES

吃糖苹果

People have been coating fruit in sugar syrups as a means of preservation for centuries. Since the development of the Roman festival of Pomona, the goddess often represented by and associated with apples, the fruit has had a place in harvest celebrations. But the first mention of candy apples being given out at Halloween didn’t occur until the 1950s.

几个世纪以来，人们一直将水果裹在糖浆中保存。随着罗马波莫纳节的发展，苹果经常作为女神波莫纳的代表，与之联系在一起，因此苹果在丰收庆典中也占有一席之地。但直到20世纪50年代，才首次提到在万圣节时赠送糖苹果。

13. SPOTTING BATS

蝙蝠

It’s likely that bats were present at the earliest celebrations of proto-Halloween, not just symbolically but literally. As part of Samhain, the Celts lit large bonfires, which attracted insects. The insects, in turn, attracted bats, which soon became associated with the festival. Medieval folklore expanded upon the spooky connotation of bats with a number of superstitions built around the idea that bats were the harbingers of death.

蝙蝠很可能出现在最早的万圣节庆祝活动中，这种说法不仅是象征性的，而且有事实佐证。作为萨温节的一部分，凯尔特人点燃篝火来吸引昆虫。这些昆虫反过来又吸引了蝙蝠，因此蝙蝠与萨温节很快联系在一起。中世纪的民间传说扩展了蝙蝠令人毛骨悚然的内涵，围绕着蝙蝠是死亡来临的前兆存在着许多迷信说法。

harbinger[ˈhɑːrbɪndʒər]: n. 先驱；前兆；预告者

14. GORGING ON CANDY

吃糖果

The act of going door-to-door for handouts has long been a part of Halloween celebrations. But until the middle of the 20th century, the “treats” kids received were not necessarily candy. Toys, coins, fruit, and nuts were just as likely to be given out. The rise in the popularity of trick-or-treating in the 1950s inspired candy companies to make a marketing push with small, individually wrapped confections. People obliged out of convenience, but candy didn’t dominate at the exclusion of all other treats until parents started fearing anything unwrapped in the 1970s.

挨家挨户地“讨糖果”一直是万圣节庆祝活动的一部分。但在20世纪中叶前，孩子们得到的“款待”不一定是糖果，也有可能得到玩具、硬币、水果和坚果。20世纪50年代，“不给糖就捣蛋”活动的兴起，促使糖果公司纷纷推出独立包装的小糖果。人们出于便利才考虑购买这种小糖果。但直到20世纪70年代，家长们开始担心任何未经包装的东西有卫生隐患，糖果才开始在这些款待物中占据主导地位。

Photo by Dane Deaner on Unsplash

15. MUNCHING ON CANDY CORN

玉米糖

According to some stories, a candymaker at the Wunderlee Candy Company in Philadelphia invented the revolutionary tri-color candy in the 1880s. The treats didn’t become a widespread phenomenon until another company brought the candy to the masses in 1898. At the time, candy corn was called Chicken Feed and sold in boxes with the slogan \"Something worth crowing for.\" Originally just autumnal candy because of corn’s association with harvest time, candy corn became Halloween-specific when trick-or-treating rose to prominence in the US in the 1950s.

根据一些故事的说法，费城文德利糖果公司的一位糖果制造商在19世纪80年代发明了革命性的三色糖果。但直到1898年另一家公司将这种糖果推向大众，它才风靡起来。当时，玉米糖被称为“鸡饲料”，装在盒子里出售，广告语是“值得为之欢呼的东西”。最初玉米糖只是秋天的糖果，因为玉米与收获季节有关。在20世纪50年代，随着“不给糖就捣蛋”活动在美国的兴起，玉米糖成为了万圣节专属糖果。

英文来源：Mental Floss

翻译&编辑：丹妮

来源：中国日报网

万圣节是几月几日哪一天 万圣节的由来与传说故事

[闽南网]

万圣节是鬼节，也是年轻人的快乐节日，节日这天中外的年轻人会展开欢聚盛典，各种舞会party都接踵而至，让人目不暇接。那么最重要的一点你知道了吗?那就是今年万圣节在什么时候呢?想知道2018万圣节在几月几日，那就来看看小编的介绍吧

万圣节是几月几日哪一天

2018年的万圣节是2018年10月31日,星期三。

万圣节的由来

万圣节前夜就是“圣夜”的意思。万圣夜已经变成一年中最流行和最受欢迎的节日之一，许多玩家都以极大的热情来庆祝这一节日。万圣夜在11月1日的前一夜，其实是赞美秋天的节日，就好像五朔节是赞美春天的节日一样。

万圣节是西方国家的传统节日。这一夜是一年中最“闹鬼”的一夜，所以也叫“鬼节”。华语地区常将万圣夜误称为万圣节。“Hallow”来源于中古英语 halwen，与holy词源很接近，在苏格兰和加拿大的某些区域，万圣节仍然被称为“All Hallow Mas”，意思是在纪念所有的圣人(Hallow)那一天，要举行的弥撒仪式(Mass)。

》》万圣节微信朋友圈发什么合适 万圣节游戏活动策划盘点

》》不给糖就捣蛋是什么意思 万圣节为什么要给糖

万圣节传说一

两千多年前，欧洲的天主教会把11月1日定为“天下圣徒之日” (ALL HALLOWS DAY) 。“HALLOW” 即圣徒之意。传说自公元前五百年，居住在爱尔兰、苏格兰等地的凯尔特人 (CELTS)把这节日往前移了一天，即10月31日。他们认为该日是夏天正式结束的日子，也就是新年伊始，严酷的冬季开始的一天。那时人们相信，故人的亡魂会在这一天回到故居地在活人身上找寻生灵，借此再生，而且这是人在死后能获得再生的唯一希望。而活着的人则惧怕死魂来夺生，于是人们就在这一天熄掉炉火、烛光，让死魂无法找寻活人，又把自己打扮成妖魔鬼怪把死人之魂灵吓走。之后，他们又会把火种烛光重新燃起，开始新的一年的生活。传说那时凯尔特 人部落还有在10月31日把活人杀死用以祭奠死人的习俗。

到了公元1世纪，占领了凯尔特部落领地的罗马人也渐渐接受了万圣节习俗，但从此废止了烧活人祭死人的野蛮做法。罗马人庆祝丰收的节日与凯尔特人仪式结合，戴着可怕的面具，打扮成动物或鬼怪，则是为了赶走在他们四周游荡的妖魔。这也就是今天全球大部分人以古灵精怪的打扮，来庆祝万圣节的由来。时间流逝，万圣节的意义逐渐起了变化，变得积极快乐起来，喜庆的意味成了主流。死魂找替身返世的说法也渐渐被摒弃和忘却。到了今天，象征万圣节的形象、图画如巫婆、黑猫等，大都有友善可爱和滑稽的脸。

万圣节传说二

凯尔特人(Celtic) 相信太阳神帮助他们种植农作物。但是，每年太阳神都会被一个名叫Samhain的邪恶力量攻击并被囚禁六个月。Samhain，还有两个称号，分别是\"Lord of Dead(死亡领主)\"以及\"Prince of Darkness(暗黑王子)\"，他带者寒冷以及黑暗的冬天来到凯尔特人的土地。

凯尔特人非常害怕10月31日的夜晚，因为他们觉得这晚，有一堆邪恶灵魂潜伏在任何地方。他们在家生起火来让那些邪恶灵魂离开他们的家(上一个没有翻译的段落有一句是说火焰可以把鬼魂吓走的。)他们相信是Samhain把死人叫出来的，他们还相信Samhain会把死人变为其他东西，好像猫。凯尔特人会装着可怕的伪装来把那群邪恶灵魂赶走。(这就是万圣节的原型) 后罗马占领了凯尔特人的土地，把罗马的节日和凯尔特人10月31日的Samhain祭典合在一起，就成了现在的万圣节。

万圣节怎么过好玩

每年的这一天，各在超市都会推出鬼脸南瓜，你可以买个摆在家里，庆祝这个节日的到来，节日过后还可以煮着吃，两全其美。

拿着南瓜灯，往里面装满糖果，然后穿上鬼衣服，到处给小朋友发糖。虽然西方的小孩是戴着鬼脸面具挨家挨户向人讨要糖果，但是这个在中国基本是无法实现，所以我们可以相反之。

约上几个好友，然后在万圣节这一夜到KTV包个箱，把房间装扮成万圣节的气氛，之后你们就可以尽情地玩耍。

有胆子的人还可以成群结队穿着奇形怪状的鬼衣服，戴上鬼面具，到大街上扮鬼游行，这回头率可是百分之百。

找几个朋友在家聚餐，共同探讨万圣节的文化背景，借此来了解国外的文化。这样不仅能丰富彼此的知识，而且还能和朋友好好地聚一聚。