人教版英语教材的智力陷阱：小学900基础词汇词源解析 第四十课

我们先看看人教版小学三年级英语上册中的截图。

请注意：这里表“颜色”的单词写成colour。

我们再看看人教版七年级英语上册中的截图。

请注意，这里表“颜色”的单词写成color。

【英语】colour (Brit.) ['kʌlə] n. 颜色; 脸色; 色彩 (color 的另一写法)

拆解：col+our。

【英语】color[ˈkʌlə][美]=[英] colour

拆解：col+or。

强烈建议家长朋友大概了解一下词源，然后自己做出判断。

词源：From Middle English colour, borrowed from Anglo-Norman colur, from Old French colour, color, from Latin color.

Displaced English blee, Middle English blee (“color”), from Old English blēo. Also partially replaced Old English hīew (“color”) and its descendants, which is less often used in this sense. Doublet of couleur.

In the US, the spelling color is used to match the spelling of the word's Latin etymon and to make all derivatives consistent (colorimeter, coloration, colorize, colorless, etc). Elsewhere in the English-speaking world, the spelling colour has been retained.

我们可以大概了解：古法语把拉丁语的color变化为colour，也就是把后缀-or变化为-our。中古英语引进了这个单词。

现代英语中，美式英语通常拼写成color，也就是直接用拉丁语中的形式。而英式英语中，则保留了古法语的形式。

在现代法语中，把拉丁语的-or变化为-eur。

英语中至少有976个单词以-or结尾，其中有很大一部分是拉丁语的后缀。

强烈建议您大概熟悉：humor（幽默），rumor（谣言），tumor（肿瘤），neighbor（邻居），harbor（海港），error（错误），mirror（镜子）。

至少，不会再愚蠢地把color分解成c、o、l、o、r去“背”。

同时，不论写成color还是coleur您的孩子都能认识。这样，

在拉丁语中，至少有2个词根col-：一个表“颜色”，一个表“种植”。

认识col-，再记忆英语单词colony就非常简单了。

【英语】colony['kɒlənɪ]n. 殖民地; 侨居地; 侨民; 聚居地

拆解：col+on+y。

英语中作名词后缀-y对应拉丁语的-ia。

也就是说，把-y变化为-ia基本上都可以得到相应的拉丁语单词。

词源：From Latin colōnia (“colony”), from colōnus (“farmer; colonist”), from colō (“till, cultivate, worship”), from earlier *quelō, from Proto-Indo-European *kʷel- (“to move; to turn (around)”).

在词根col-后面加上-o（古典拉丁语是长元音ō，表“第一人称单数”尾缀）就构成一个拉丁语句子：colo。对应英语中的I cultivate，意思是“我种植”。

【英语】cultivate[ˈkʌltiveit]vt.1. 种植, 耕种, 开恳2. 培植, 培育; 养殖(鱼虾等)3. 培养, 养成, 磨炼(才能等) , 启发4. 结识(有地位的人)5. 细心照料

cultivate a new generation培育新一代

cultivate the habit of analysis养成分析的习惯

cultivate a love of art培养对艺术的热爱

He always tries to cultivate rich and famous people.他总是试图结交有钱有势的人。

拆解：cul+tiv+ate。

重点记忆：这里的cul-是拉丁语表“种植”的词根col-的读音变化——元音o变化为u。

-tiv源自拉丁语形容词后缀-tivus等。在法语中变化为-tif和-tive。英语一般用-tive，德语用-tiv。

英语至少有1794个单词用到-tiv-，至少有715个单词以-tive结尾。

-ate源自拉丁语的-atus，在这里作动词后缀。

如果您了解：-ture是法语名词后缀，源自拉丁语的-tura，就已经实际上掌握英语单词culture。

【英语】culture[ˈkʌltʃə]n.1. 文化, 精神文明2. 教[修, 素]养3. 训练, 培植[育], 繁殖4. 耕作; 造林

ancient culture古代文化

a man of culture有教养的人

the culture of grapes葡萄栽培

vt.1. 使有教养2. 耕种3. 培养, 栽培

拆解：cul+ture。

很明显，英语单词cultivate和culture都用到拉丁语表“种植”的词根col-的读音变化cul-。

您在阅读英语文章时，只要认识col-和-cul就可以了。后缀部分，只要稍微了解一下就可以了。

如果您了解agri-表“土地”，就很容易掌握英语单词agriculture。

【英语】agriculture [ˈæɡrikʌltʃə]n. 农业, 农艺, 农耕, 农学

拆解：agri+culture。

在汉语中，有“精神文明”和“物质文明”之分。

英语中，前者一般用culture，后者用civilization。

【英语】civilization[sɪvɪlaɪˈzeɪʃ(ə)n; (US) sɪvəlɪˈzeɪʃən]n.1. 文明2. 文明社会；文明世界3. 现代物质文明4. 教化；开化

拆解：civ+il+iz+a+tion。

请家长朋友把下面这句话刻在脑子里：英语至少有6337个单词用到法语名词后缀-tion，源自拉丁语-tio名词的宾格。

这就是说，这几千个单词绝大多数都是经由法语源自拉丁语。

【英语】civilize[ˈsɪvɪlaɪz]vt. -lized, -lizing1. 开化；开导；使文明

The African countries hoped to civilize all the primitive tribes on the land.非洲国家希望把非洲所有的原始部落都变成文明社会。

2. 在教养及礼貌上有所改进

Many a rough man has been civilized by his wife.

许多粗野的男人在其妻子的影响下变得文雅了。

3. （亦作： civilise）

拆解：civ+il+ize（动词后缀）。

【英语】civil['sɪvl]adj. 市民的, 有礼貌的, 公民的

拆解：civ+il。

词源：From Middle English cyvyl, civil, borrowed from Old French civil, from Latin cīvīlis (“relating to a citizen”), from cīvis (“citizen”). Cognate with Old English hīwen (“household”), hīrǣden (“family”). More at hind; hird. Doublet of civic.

请告诉孩子：-il是拉丁语中的后缀，英语单词pupil（小学生），April（四月），pencil（铅笔）中用到。

这就是说，只要重点记忆civ-就可以了。

建议先熟悉英语单词city（城市）。

【英语】city['sɪtɪ]n. 城市, 市

拆解：ci+ty（名词后缀，源自拉丁语-tas）。

词源：From Middle English city, citie, citee, cite, from Old French cité, from Latin cīvitās (“citizenry; community; a city with its hinterland”), from cīvis (“native; townsman; citizen”), from Proto-Indo-European *ḱey- (“to lie down, settle; home, family; love; beloved”).

很明显，古法语把拉丁语的civ-变化为ci-，也就是v脱落了。

我相信：认识英语单词ci-，很容易掌握civ-。

在西班牙语中，把civ-变化为ciu-。

【西班牙语】ciudad（国际音标：西班牙/θjuˈdad/，南美/sjuˈdad/ ） f. 城市

拆解：ciu+dad（名词后缀，源自拉丁语-tas）。

【作业】帮助孩子用一个月的时间熟练掌握“It is generally accepted that the Chinese civilization is one of the oldest in the world.（普遍认为中国文化是世界上最古老的文化之一。）”。

别花钱上课了，逐字逐句教你自学新概念英语：第二册 Lesson 75

lesson75

SOS

呼救信号

★SOS = Save Our Souls 国际通用的呼救信号

When a light passenger plane flew off course some time ago, it crashed in the mountains and its pilot was killed. 不久前，一架轻型客机偏离了航线，在山区坠毁，飞行员丧生。

★off course 脱离轨道

fly off course 飞行偏离航线

During the storm, the ship went off course.

★kill v. 杀（仅表示死了，不一定是人为的杀死,有可能是火灾等）

Fire in Tokyo. Five people killed. Ten persons injured.（受伤）

murder v. 谋杀（故意杀死）

The only passengers, a young woman and her two baby daughters, were unhurt.

机上仅有的乘客，一位年轻的妇女和她的两个女婴却平安无事。

★a young woman and her two baby daughters是 passengers的同位语

It was the middle of winter.

此时正值隆冬季节，

★the middle of winter 隆冬

the middle of summer 盛夏

Snow lay thick on the ground.

地上积着厚厚的雪。

★lay “处于...状态”是系动词,thick是形容词作表语，表示主语的状态或性质。

The old man lies ill and neglected in bed.

The woman knew that the nearest village was miles away.

这位妇女知道，即使最近的村庄也有数英里远。

★miles away几英里之外（距离的表达方式）

When it grew dark, she turned a suitcase into a bed and put the children inside it, covering them with all the clothes she could find.

天黑下来的时候，她把提箱当作小床，把两个孩子放了进去，又把所有能找到的衣服都盖在了孩子们身上。

★turn…into… = change sth. into … 把……变成……

可以表示“变成”的一些动词

grow，turn，go，get，com，fall等动词均有“变成”的意思，但用法上有时有差别。

grow表示“（逐渐）变得”，比get要正式些：

He has grown fat.

He has grown to like studying mathematics.

grow dark（变黑）

grow = get slowly慢慢变得

turn表示“把（状态、性质）改变（成）……”或“使变颜色”等

Leaves will turn yellow in autumn.

A colony of bees had turned the engine into a hive.

His face turned red.

go表示“变成（某种状态）”，通常表示不好的变化：

Some foods go bad easily.

The milk went sour.

get在口语中使用较多，表示“成为（某种状态）”，强调的是变化的过程（一下子变得）。天气变化，一般用get，get cold(变冷)

Things got so bad recently that he decided to go on a diet.

come可表示“变成，成为，达到”等，与true连用时表示“实现”

Her dream to swim across the channel has come true.

come + true/right/loose

The dream comes true. 梦想成真。

Take it easy. Everything will come right.

come loose 变松动

fall可表示“变成……的状态”

fall + asleep/ill 坠落梦乡/病倒了

You fell asleep while I was talking to you.

He fell ill last week, so he didn’t come to your wedding.

★covering them with all the clothes she could find. 现在分词短语做状语。

During the night, it got terribly cold.

夜里，天冷得厉害。

The woman kept as near as she could to the children and even tried to get into the case herself, but it was too small.

这位妇女尽可能地靠近孩子，甚至自己也想钻进箱子里去，只是箱子太小了。

★as…as sb. can/could = as…as possible 尽可能的……

He got through as much food as he could and set out.

Tell Jim to come to my office as soon as he can.

as soon as 和as quickly as的不同

1. as soon as 侧重于两个时间点之间“极短时间内”。如：

I will let you know any news about this issue as soon as I can.

我会尽快告诉你关于这个问题的任何消息。

Call your mother as soon as possible—she's very worried about you.

尽快给你妈妈打电话——她很担心你

2.as quickly as 强调一个动作上的时间。如：

Please read the text as quickly as you can. 请把课文尽快读一遍。

she wanted to get on the plane as quickly as possible. 想尽快上飞机。

★near to = close to

Early, next morning she heard planes passing overhead and wondered how she could send a signal.

第二天一大早，她听到头顶上有飞机飞过，但不知道怎样才能发个信号。

★hear sb. doing sth. 听见某人正在做某事

★overhead adv. 从头顶

★wonder = want to know 想知道，疑惑

Then she had an idea.

后来她有了一个主意。

She stamped out the letters' SOS' in the snow.

她在雪地上踩出了“SOS”这3个字母。

★stamp out 踩出

★out在这里为副词，表示“出现，显露”等

The writer has brought out another book.

He wrote out a long list of all the foods which were forbidden.

Fortunately, a pilot saw the signal and sent a message by radio to the nearest town.

幸运得很，一位飞行员看到这个信号，用无线电给最近的城镇发了报。

★by radio 通过广播

★signal 信号 digital signal 电子信号

★sent a message 发信息

leave a message

Would you like to leave a message? 你要留话吗？

take a message

I'm sorry, Mr. Chen is out. Can I take a message? 对不起，陈先生出去了，要我留话吗？

It was not long before a helicopter arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors of the plane crash.

不久，一架直升飞机飞抵飞机失事现场，来搭救这几个幸存者。

★It was not long before + 从句 不久就……（指过去）

It was not long before he went abroad.

It was not long before I finished my homework.

It will not be long before… 不久就……（将来可能发生的事）

It will not be long before he gets over his illness.

long before = long long ago 很久以前

before long 不久以后（一般将来时,从现在算不久以后会怎么样）

Before long, he will go abroad.

shortly before ……之前不久

shortly after ……之后立即

★scene

① n.（事件发生的）地点，现场

A helicopter soon arrived on the scene to rescue the survivors.

一架直升飞机很快飞抵出事现场，搭救幸存者。

These things were found at the scene of the murder.

② n. 风景，景色；景象

A beautiful scene always makes me delighted.

I have just seen a sad scene.

★survivor n. 幸存者(指人)

survival n. 幸存的东西

survive v. 生存；存活下来

the person who survived

I learn how to live, but now I know how to survive. （生存）

I survived after the fire. （存活下来）

survive + sth.(灾难) 经过某种灾难还存在，还活着

I survived the fire.

The house survived the earthquake.

★不定式：是一种非谓语动词，时间上表示将要

① 做主语 It is important to do sth.

② 做宾语 want to do

③ 做宾补 allow/expect sb. to do sth.

④ 做定语（放在被修饰词之后） anything to do

⑤ 做状语：目的状语

⑥ 做表语