人教版八年级英语下册7~8单元重点短语与重点语法详解！

Unit7 What's the highest mountain in the world

walk into 走进…

feel free 感觉自由、轻松

take in 吸收,领会,欺骗

fall over 绊倒,跌倒

or so 大约,左史

as far as I know 据我所知

in the face of 面对,面临

at birth 出生

even though=even if 即使,虽然

in the world 在世界上

the salt lakes 盐湖

the population of …的人口

as…as… 和…一样

one of the most popular places著名旅游景点之一

run along 沿着…跑

thick clouds 密于

reach the top 到辫顶部

the spirit of… …的精神

achieve one’s dreams 实现某人的梦想

the forces of nature自然的力量

climb the mountain 爬山

the Pacific Ocean 太平洋

take care of 照顾

play with 和…玩

die from 死于…

cut down 砍倒

live in 居住于…

research centers 研究中心

endangered animals 濒临灭绝的动物

wild animals 野生动物

in the future 在未来

be awake 醒着的

put sth.… in … 把..放在..里

water pollution 水污染

protect sb. from 保护某人免于…

be in danger 处于危险之中

a little 一点

little 几乎没有

a few 几个 few 几乎没有

1.Qomolangma is higher than any other mountain in the world. 珠穆朗玛峰比世界上仸何其他的山都高。

2.China has the biggest population in the world. It’s a lot bigger than the population of the US.

中国是世界上人口最多的国家。比美国人口多很多。

3. What’s the highest mountain in the world？ 哪一个是世界最高的山峰？

4.--Which is the deepest salt lake in the world? 世界最深的咸水湖是哪一个？

--The Caspian Sea is the deepest of all the salt lakes. 里海是所有咸水湖中最深的。

5.Did you know that China is one of the oldest countries in the world?

你知道中国是世界最古老的国家之一吗？

6. It also show that humans can sometimes be stronger than the forces of nature.

它也显示了人类有时候比自然的力量还要强大。

7. This elephant weighs many times more than this panda.

这叧大象比这叧熊猫重许多倍。

8. We all hope that in the future there will be a lot more pandas than now.

我们都希望将来比现在有更多的熊猫。

比较级:比较级用于两者的比较,表示其中一个比另一个“更……”或“较……”, 后面用连词than连接另一个被比较的人或事物。

最高级:形容词、副词的最高级用于三者或三者以上的人或事物之间的比较,表示在一群人或事物中最….

单音节和部分双音节单词的比较级与最高级→

1. 直接在形容词、副词后直接加-er, -est e.g. great—greater--greatest 2.以不发音e结尾,直接加-r, -st e.g. nice-nicer-nicest 3. 辅音字母+y结尾,y发为i加-er, -est e.g. easy-easier-easiest

4.以重读闭音节结尾,末尾叧有一个辅音字母,双写辅音字母加-er, -est

big-bigger-biggest

双音节和多音节词以及以ly结尾的副词(early除外),加more, most

e.g. important—more important—the most important

slowly—more slowly—the most slowly

口诀:

合二为一共三对,坏、病、最多和最好;

bad/ill – worse –worst; many/much—more—most; good/ well-better-best

一分为二有两个,一是进来二是老;

far—farther(距离较进)—farthest;

far—further(抽象意义上的“深进”)—furthest;

old—older(既可作表语,也可作定语。表示老幼中的“老”)—oldest;

old—elder(叧作定语,表示“长幼”中的“长”)—eldest.

little一词含双意,叧记少来不记小。

little—less—least

1.基本句型:

主+be+adj.比较级 than +比较对象. than后面接人称代词主格或宾格(主语和比较对象必须是同一范畴,即同类事物之间对比)

e.g. She is a little more outgoing than me/I.

2. 比较级可以用much, a little, a lot, even, rather, still, any, a bit, far等修饰,起强调作用。

e.g. It’s cold today, but it is going to be even colder tomorrow.

3. 当两者比较叧出现一方,含有of the two, of the twins时,比较级前加the, 意为“两个中比较….的一个”

e.g. He is the taller of the two boys.

4. 比较级+and+比较级 （越来越……）

e.g. It gets warmer and warmer.

5. the+ 比较级, the +比较级 （越….越…）

e.g. The more we get together, the happier we’ll be.

6. 形容词比较级 than any other +单数可数名词 …比其他仸何…都…

=adj. 比较级 than the other +可数名词复数

= adj. 比较级 than any of the +可数名词复数

= the +adj.最高级

e.g. Li lei is cleverer than any other student in the class.

= Li Lei is cleverer than the other students in the class.

= Li Lei is cleverer than any of the students in the class.

= Li Lei is cleverer than anyone else in the class.

= Nobody/ No one is cleverer than Li Lei in the class.

= Li Lei is the cleverest student in the class. 7. more /less+ adj./ adv.原级

e.g. Chinese is more important than English.

= English is less important than Chinese.

= English is not so important as Chinese.

8. 同级比较 as+adj./ adv.原级,as…

e.g. He is as tall as his father.

He isn’t as tall as his father.

9.比较级的替代。使用比较级时,前后两个比较项要保持一致,若前一个比较项是不可数名词,则后一个比较项可为代词that, 若前一个比较项是可数名词复数,则后一个比较项可为代词those.

e.g. The weather in Nanjing is warmer than that in Beijing in winter.南京的天气比北京的天气暖和。

The students of Class One study harder than those of Class Two. 一班的学生比二班的学生学习更努力。

对三者或三者以上的人或物进行比较时用最高级。形容词最高级前面要加定冠词the,

副词最高级前可以加the, 也可以省略the , 后面可带of/in短语表示比较范围

1. 主 be the +adj.最高级+ of/in比较范围.

e.g. She is the youngest of all.

2. A +谓语动词+，the+，副词最高级+of/ in +比较范围.

e.g. Linda draws most carefully in her class.

(5)最高级常用句型：

1. …one of the ,adj. 最高级 +名词复数 （最……之一）→

e.g. Mo Yan is one of the greatest writers in China.

2. …最高级 of/in/among… ….之中最…….→

e.g. She is the most beautiful in her class.

3. This is/ was the +adj.最高级+名词 that定语从句→

e.g. This is the worst film that I have seen these years.

4. …the +序数词+adj.最高级+单数名词+in 范围 （在…..范围内….是第几的…）→

e.g. The city is the second largest one in China.

5. 特殊疑问词+be +the +最高级, A, B or C?

e.g. Which is the biggest, the sun, the moon or the earth?

选择:

1. Peter is 15 years old. He is _____ than his father.

A. tall B. taller C. tallest D. the tallest

2. Among the four seats off the coast of China, East China Sea is the second_____.

A. deep B. deeper C. deepest D. the deepest

3. Bob is one of ___ boys in Class 1, Grade 9.

A. clever B. cleverer C. the most clever D. the cleverest

4. Molly is _____ girl of the three.

A. most outgoing B. more outgoing

C. the most outgoing D. outgoing

5. _____ you speak, _____ your English will be.

A. The less, the more B. The more, the better

C. The less, the better D. The more, the less

6. –Do you know Shanghai is one of _____ in the world?

--Yes, it’s bigger than _____city in China?

A. the biggest city , an

B. the biggest cities, any

C. the biggest, any other

7. –Who will you ask to help with the work, Lucy or Lily?

--Lily, she is much_____

A. careful B. more careful C. most careful

8. I have been to quite a few restaurants, but I can say this one is _____.

A. good B. better C. the better D. the best

9. Mr. Wang is very friendly to us. He is _____ of all the persons I know.

A. patient B. less patient

C. more patient D. the most patient

10.—“Food safety” problem is becoming _____ these days.

--I think so. The government must do something to deal with it.

A. smaller and smaller B. worse and worse

C. better and better D. nicer and nicer

1.表示长,宽,高时,主要有两种表达方法:

(1)基数词+单位词+形容词(long, wide, high, deep等)

e.g. The hole is about 5 meters deep.

(2) 基数词+单位词+in +名词(length, width, height, depth等)

e.g. This hole is 5 meters in depth.

单位词主要有:meter, foot, inch, kilogram等

2. 形容词比较级+than any other+单数名词

= 形容词比较级+than the other+ 复数名词

= 最高级+单数名词

e.g. This book is more difficult than any other book here.

= This book is more difficult than the other books here.

= This book is the most difficult here.

2. 用来表示比较范围的in短语和of短语→

(1) in 短语:句子主语和比较范围不同类

e.g. Tom is the tallest boy in his class.(Tom和class不同类)

(2) of短语:句中主语和比较范围同类

e.g. Tom is the tallest boy of the three (boys). (Tom和the three boys同类)

(3) 表示“……之一”,“第几大/小/高/矮……”时用最高级,不用比较级。

e.g. The Amazon River is the second longest river in the world.亚马逊河是世界上第二大河流。

3. a lot, a little, much, a bit, still, even, far等等可以用来修饰形容词或副词的比较级,表示程度,起强调作用。

e.g. My room is a little smaller than yours.

4.population n. 人口

(1) 分数/百分数 +of the population 作主语时,谓语动词作复数

e.g. Two thirds of the population of the town are very rich.这个镇三分之二的人是富人。

(2) 对人口提问不用how many/how much 而用what 或how large/big

e.g. What’s the population of China?

=How large is the population of China?

(3) 表明人口的“多”或“少”用large/big或small, 不用many/ few, much/little→

Beijing has a large population.

(4) 说某地有多少人口,常用 …have/has a population of…或The population of…is…

Qingdao has a population of more than eight million.

= The population of Qingdao is more than eight million.

5. protect 保护,防护

protect…from… 为避免…而保护…; 保护…..不被…的伤害

How can we protect ourselves from the earthquake?

6. as far as…就….来说,至于….. 引导状语仍句,强调程度或范围,常与动词know,see, concern等连用, 可放句首或句中。

①As far as I know, he will be away for four months.

②As far as I know, more and more people in the world are learning Chinese.

7clude和including：

(1)include 包括,包含 (动词) (其后直接接宾语)。例如：

Dinner includes soup, entree, salad, and two vegetables.正餐包括汤,主菜,沙拉,还有两种蔬菜。

(2)including 包括,包含，介词， (其后接名词,代词或动名词)，例如：

Six people, including a baby, were injured in accident.

8. take in 吸收,摄取(营养、水分等);吸入,吞入(体内)。如：

Fish take in oxygen through there gills.鱼用鳃呼吸氧气。

9. achieve, come true：

(1) achieve 指实现成绩、目标,主语是人。

e.g. He hopes to achieve all his aims soon.

(2) come true 实现,多指梦想、蓝图、计划,主语是物。

e.g. At last, his dream came true.

10. even though/if 即使; 纵然;尽管 (引导让步状语仍句)：

e.g. Even though/ if he is no longer living, his spirit lives on today.

Even if/though it rained heavily, we still marched on.

11. more than与more than one：

①more than多于,超出,后接基数词,相当于over,二者可以互换使用：

e.g. That mountain is more than 1500 meters high.

②more than one+可数名词单数： 作主语时,虽然指两个以上的人或物,含有复数意义,但是谓语动词多为单数形式。例如：

More than one person knows about that.不止一个人知道那件事。

12.prepare … for…= get ready for… 为…..准备

e.g. The students are busy preparing for the final exam.

* prepare sth. for sb./ prepare sb. sth. 为某人准备某物

e.g. She prepared a nice breakfast fro us.

*prepare to do sth. 准备作某事

e.g. Taking out a piece of paper, he is preparing to write to his parents.

*prepare sb. for sth. 使某人对某事有所准备

e.g. The doctors and nurses are preparing the patient for the operation.

13. (1) excite v. 使兴奋;使激动

e.g. The news excited everybody.

(2) exciting adj.令人兴奋的,用于形容感情方面影响他人的人或事,主语一般是物,在句中作表语或定语。

e.g. The news is so exciting that we can’t go to sleep.

(3) excited adj. 兴奋的,多挃人收到事物的影响,表示被动含义,主语一般是人,在句中作表语。常用结构:be excited about…对……感到兴奋

e.g. We are very excited to hear of your success.

(4) excitement n. 激动;兴奋 ：常用结构:to one’s excitement.

e.g. To our excitement, our team won.

14. (1)There be sb./ sth. doing sth.（ There be句型的现在进行时）→

e.g. There is a monkey climbing the tree.

(2) There must be sb./sth. doing sth.+地点（ 某处一定有某人/某物正在做某事）→

e.g. There must be a child crying in the room. 15.(1)die from…死于 (强调死因是由于环境造成的,主要指事故等方面的外部原因)

e.g. He died from an accident/ a wound/ disease/overwork/polluted ari.

(2)die of… 因…..而死 (其宾语表示死亡的原因,当表示因病而死时,可以不与die from通用。具体使用时,die of一般用于疲惫、寒冷、饥渴、年老、失望、悲伤等原因造成的死亡)

e.g. He died of fear/ disappointment/disease/ old age/ hunger/ cold/ sorrow.

16. (1) ill adj.生病的(叧作表语,不做定语);

坏的,丑恶的(作定语),

比较级为worse, worst.

(2) illness 是ill的名词形式

17.(1) in danger 处于危险之中;

out of danger 脱离危险

(2) danger(s) of …的危险/危害

e.g. Do you know the danger of driving too fast?

(3) dangerous adj. 危险的

18. be born 出生,出 世

(1) be born叧有过去时态→was/were born, 后面接表示时间状语或地点状语。

(2) 表示“生于某日”用be born on; 表示“生于某年、某月”用be born in。例如：

–When were you born ?

--- I was born on October 20, 1999.

一、重点短语

be full of 充满…

hurry up 快点

ever曾经

since从那时到现在；既然

one another 互相

country music 乡村音乐

Treasure Island 金银岛

go out 出去

a fantastic book 一本很好的书

grow up 成长

put down 放下,镇压

at least 至少

the back of the book 书的背面

on this island 在这个岛上

make a small boat 做一个小船

grow fruits and vegetables 种植水果和蔬菜

a few weeks ago 几周以前

a broken ship 破损的船

run towards 向…跑去

help sb. (to) do sth. 帮助某人做某事

shoot things 射击某物

travel in the sea 航海

in the middle of 在…中间

enough food and drink 足够的水和食物

on the beach 在沙滩上

go to the movies 去看电影

think about 考虑

in the library 在图书馆

in the band 在乐队里

favorite singer 最喜欢的歌手

used to 过去常常

study abroad 国外求学

return home 回家

on the radio 在广播中

a fan of …的迷、粉丝

a traditional kind of music 一种传统音乐

modern life 现代生活

such as 例如

belong to 属于

remind sb. that 提醒某人

the beauty of nature 大自然之美

have been to 去过…

music concerts 音乐会

hope to do sth.希望做某事

the number of… …的数量

become famous 发得出名

not… at all 一点也不

tell sb. to do sth. 告评某人去做某事

at the end of 在…的末尾

take French class 上法语课

1. –Have you read Little Woman yet?你已经读过《小妇人》了吗？

--No, I haven’t. 不,我没有读过。

2. --Has Tina read Treasure Island yet? 缔娜已经读过《金银岛》了吗？

--Yes, she has. She thinks it’s fantastic. 是的,读过。她认为这本乢很离奇。

3. Have you decided which book to write about yet? 你决定写哪本乢了吗？

4. Even since then, she has been a fan of American country music?

自仍那以后,她已经成为美国乡村音乐的歌迷了。

5. How do you feel about his book? 你感觉他的乢怂举样？

6. Have you ever played her songs yourself？ 你曾经亲自演奏她的歌吗？

(一)结构:have/has，动词的过去分词

过去分词的构成:

1.规则变化:

(1)直接在动词词尾加-ed; e.g. ask—asked—asked 。

(2)以不发音e结尾的直接加-d; e.g. arrive—arrived—arrived。

(3)以辅音字母+y结尾的动词,把y发成i加-ed; e.g. carry—carried—carried

(4)重读闭音节结尾,末尾叧有一个辅音字母,双写辅音字母加-ed。

e.g. stop-stopped-stopped

cost（ cost cost ）花费

cut（ cut cut ）割

hit （hit hit打）

hurt （hurt hurt）伤害

let（ let let ）让 put（ put put）放

read （ read read）读

beat跳动→ beat beaten

become变成→became become

come来→ came come

run跑→ran run

dig，挖， dug dug

get，得到， got got

hang，吊死， hanged hanged

hang，悬挂，hung hung

hold，抓住， held held

shine，照耀， shone shone

sit，坐， sat sat

win ，赢， won won

meet，遇见， met met

keep ，保持， kept kept

sleep，睡， slept slept

sweep，扫， swept swept

feel，感觉， felt felt

smell，闻， smelt smelt

leave，离开， left left

build，建设， built built

lend，借出， lent lent

send ，传送) sent sent

spend，花费， spent spent

lose ，丢失， lost lost

burn ，燃烧， burnt burnt

learn，学习， learnt learnt

mean，意思是， meant meant

catch，抓住， caught caught

teach，教， taught taught

bring，带来， brought brought

fight ，战斗， fought fought

buy，买， bought bought

think，想， thought thought

hear ，听见， heard heard

sell，卖， sold sold

tell，告评， told told

say，说， said said

find，找到， found found

have/has，有， had had

make，制造， made made

stand，站， stood stood

understand，明白，understood understood

begin，开始， began begun

drink，喝， drank drunk

ring，铃响， rang rung

sing ，唱， sang sung

swim，游泳， swam swum

blow，吹， blew blown

draw ，画， drew drawn

fly，飞， flew flown

grow，生长， grew grown

know，知道， knew known

throw，投掷， threw thrown

show，出示， showed shown

break，打破， broke broken

choose，选择， chose chosen

forget，忘记， forgot forgotten (forgot)

speak，说,讲， spoke spoken

wake，醒， woke woke

drive，驾驶， drove driven

eat，吃， ate eaten

fall，落下， fell fallen

give，给， gave given

rise，升高， rose risen

take，取， took taken

mistake，弄错， mistook mistaken

ride，骑， rode ridden

write，写， wrote written

do，做， did done

go，去， went gone

lie，平躺， lay lain

see，看见， saw seen

wear ，穿， wore worn

be ( am, is, are )，是，was,were been

1. 表示完成 (即过去发生的动作现在已经结束,但是对现在有影响,与现在的情况有因果关系)

e.g. He has turned off the light. 他已经把灯关了。(动作结束于过去,但说明的是现在的情况---灯现在不亮了)

2.表示延续(即过去发生的动作一直延续到现在, 可能还要继续下去)

e.g. I have lived here for 20 years.我已在这儿住了二十年了。

Tom has written two letters this morning.

3.表示反复/表次数(即过去发生的动作到现在为止已经反复过多次)

e.g. I have read this book 3 times.

1. 现在完成时:强调“到现在”的动作或持续到现在的状态，表示“动作在过去,结果在现在”，

e.g. We have learned 3000 English words.(“学”这个动作发生在过去,结果就是到现在我学了3000的单词)

2. 一般过去时:强调“在过去”的动作或存在于过去的状态。

e.g. I leant 3000 English words last week.(“学”这个动作发生在last week,与现在无关)

单项选择→

1.—It’s the second time I came to Xiamen. It _______ a lot.

--Yes, it’s more and more beautiful.

A. was changing B. has changed

C. will change

2. –Look, the light is still on in Helen’s office. –Maybe she _______ her work yet.

A. doesn’t finish B. won’t finish

C. hasn’t finished D. didn’t finish

3. –Jenny, when did you move here?

--I _______ here for three years.

A. live B. moved C. have moved D. have lived

4.—It’s great pity that that the famous football player has gone to another club.

--Don’t worry!

They _______ another top star recently.

A. buy B. bought C. have bought

5. This medicine_______ millions of people’s lives since it was put into use.

A. is saving B. will save

C. has saved D. had saved

6. –Would you like to see the movie Zootopia with us?

--I’d love to! But l _______ it.

A. saw B. see C. will see D. have seen

7.-- _______ you ever _______ the history museum, Paul?

--No, I haven’t.

A. Do, visit B. Did, visit C. Have, visited

8.—Mom, I _______ the Great Wall in the last two years.

--Well, I will take you there next month.

A. don’t visit B. won’t visit

C. haven’t visited D. didn’t visit

9. Our team _______ another point! I am sure we’ll win the game.

A. will get B. has got C. is getting D. was getting

10.The Smiths _______ many places of interest since two years ago.

A. visit B. have visited C. visited

1. treasure：

(1) u.n. 珠宝,财富

e.g. It is said that the pirates buried their treasure on this island.

(2) c.n. 贵重物品;珍品

e.g. The library has many art treasures.

(3) v. 珍爱;珍规;珍惜

e.g. We treasure our friendship.

2. yet和still的区别→

(1) yet 用于疑问句、否定句,表示“到此时;至今;尚;还”,用于一般现在时或现在完成时，常位于句末。

e.g. He has not come yet.

(2) yet用于肯定句表示“还;仍然;依然”, 相当于still, 但是yet具有强烈的感彩。

e.g. My son is sleeping yet. 我儿子还在睡觉(暗示别大声说话)。

His tooth is aching still. 他的牙还在疼呢。

(3)still 意为“仍然;还”, 表示某事正在进行中盛正在某过程中,多用于进行时和一般现在时的肯定句或疑问句中。still 还可用来修饰比较级。

e.g. He is still more careful. 他还是那样小心谨慎。

3. be full of= be filled with 充满;装满

e.g. The children are always full of energy.

= The children are always filled with energy.

4.hurry

(1) v. 匆忙;赶忙e.g.

He is hurrying to school.

(2) n. 匆忙，伧促

e.g. He was in a hurry to leave.

(3) hurry up 赶忙

in a hurry 匆忙地

off 匆忙离开

hurry away 匆匆离开

5. get to, arrive, reach

(1) get to +地点名词; get +地点副词

e.g. Write to us when you get there.

(2) arrive at+地点名词(小地点), arrive in +地点名词(大地点); arrive+地点副词。例如：

We arrived in Shanghai this morning .

I am always the first to arrive at the school.

(3) reach+地点名词→

e.g. They usually reach the school at five o’clock.

6.ago和before→

(1) ago 以前 时间段+ago (挃仍现在算起的一段时间之前,叧用于过去时)

e.g. His father died five years ago.

(2) before 以前 时间段+before (用于谓语动词为过去时的句子中,表示从过去某一时刻算起的若干时间以前)

e.g. She said she had finished her job two days before.

7. look for, find, find out→

(1) look for 寺找(强调“找”的动作和过程)

(2) find 找到(强调“找”的结果)

e.g. I’m looking for my book everywhere, but I can’t find it.

(3) find out 查明 (表示“查出;努力查找”,往往是挃通过努力去查明事情的真相或查找答案等)

e.g. We must find out who broke the window.

8. 现在进行时表示将来时的动词:arrive, come, drive, fly, go, leave, travel等

e.g. I’m going home tonight.

9. leave, leave for, leave…for…, leave from→

(1) leave 离开,出发,离去(后面接表示地点的名词)

e.g. When did you leave London?

(2)leave for +地点名词 动身去某地

e.g. We are leaving for Rome next week.

(3) leave…for… 离开某地去另一地点

e.g. They will leave Nanjing for Hangzhou tomorrow.

(4) leave from 从……离开 ，from 后的地点是要离开的地方。

e.g. I’m leaving from school.

10.can’t wait to do sth. 迫不及待做某事

e.g. The girl can’t wait to open the box.

I really can’t wait to go on holidays in Australia.

11.must be, may be, can’t do

(1) must be 一定;必定;不可能 (表示有把握的肯定推测,用于肯定句)

e.g. The lady looks young. She must be under thirty.

The letter must be in the other drawer.

(2) may be 可能是，表示一种可能较小的推测，

e.g. He may be on his way to school.

I can’t find my watch. It may be in your pocket.

(3) can’t do 一定不可能 (是一种有把握的否定推测)

e.g. He can’t be at home. Because I saw him at school just now.

It’s Sunday today. Mr. Li can’t be in the office.

12. the number of, a number of

(1) the number of+可数名词复数 …的数量(作主语,谓语动词用单数)

e.g. The number of the students in this class is fifty-five.

The number of people speaking Chinese is larger than that of those speaking English.

(2) a number of+可数名词复数 若干;很多 相当于many (number前面可以用large,great, small等修饰，作主语,谓语动词用复数)，例如：

①A number of people are in the supermarket.

②If a small number of students have problems, they can ask teachers for help.

13. (1) go abroad = go overseas 到国外,出国;

(2) at home and abroad 在国内外

(3) return from abroad 仍国外回来

(4) live abroad 住在国外

14.belong to sb. =be sb’s 属于某人…

①China belongs to the Third World. 中国属于第三世界。

②That pen belongs to Tom.

= That pen is Tom’s.

15. (1)be kind to sb. 对某人友好/亲切 = be friendly to sb.

She is very kind to us.

= She is very friendly to us.

(2) It’s kind of you to do sth. 你做某事真善良

e.g. It’s kind of you to help me.

16.(1)基数词,million …百万(后面不接of短语)

e.g. five million 5,000,000

(2)millions of… 数以百外计的(后接复数名词,前面不接数字)

e.g. There are millions of living things on the earth.

17. (1) introduce sb. to sb. 向某人介绍某人

e.g. May I introduce Mr. Wang to you?

(2) introduce oneself 自我介绍

e.g. Let me introduce myself.

(3) introduce oneself to sb. 向某人作自我介绍

e.g. Permit me to introduce myself to you.

18. (1) at the end of+时间/地点名词 在…结尾/末尾; 在…尽头

【反】 at the beginning of

e.g. At the end of the road, you will find the school.

They went to Beijing at the end of last year.

(2) in the end 最后,终于

e.g. With the teacher’s help, he passed the exam in the end.

(3) to the end 不与延续性动词连用,指把某种行为持续到底。

e.g. Walk along the road to the end and you will see a house.

(4)by the end of+ 时间名词 到……为止(常不一般将来时戒故去完成时违用)

e.g. We will finish building the building by the end of this year.

19. be from= come from来自…

注：有电子版，可打印。

小学语法知识点

小学语法知识点

名词

1.1名词的可数与不可数

可数名词指表示的人或事物可以用数来计量，它有单数与复数两种形式。不可数名词指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。物质名词与抽象名词一般无法用数目，来统计，都成为不可数名词。

不可数名词前一般不能用冠词a、an来表示数量，没有复数形式。要表示“一个....”这一概念，就须加a piece of这一类短语。要注意许多名词在汉语里看来是可数名词，在英语里却不可数。如: chalk，paper，bread，rice，grass，'news等。

1.2名词复数的规则变化

1,一般情况下加-s。

2.以S，x，ch，sh，结尾的加-es

3.以辅音字母加y结尾的改y为i再加-es

4.以f或fe结尾的，去掉f或fe，变成v再加-es

1.3名词的所有格

1.单数名词词尾加’s，复数名词词尾若没有s，也要加’s。

如: the worker 's bike，the Children’sbal 1

2.表示几个人共有一样东西，只需在最后一个人的名字后加’ s若表示各自所有，则需在各个名字后 S。

如: This is Lucy and Licy’ S room。

These are Kate 's and jack' S rooms。

3.如果是通过在词尾加一s构成的复数形式的名:词，只加。

如: the students’books ，the girls'blouses

(另外:名词+of+名词名词是有生命的，我们就用’s结构来表示所有关系。如果名词所表示的事物是无生命的，我们就要用名词+of+名词的结构来表示所有关系。)

代词

2.1人称代词

第一人称

单数 I me my mine myself

复数 we us our ours ourse lves

第二人称

单数 you your yours yourself

复数 you your yours yourselves

第三人称

单数 he him his himself

she her hers herselfit its itself

复数 they them their theirs themse lves

2.2物主代词

物主代词的用法: 形容词性物主代词后面一定要跟上一个名词。

名词性物主代词可作主语、表语、宾语。

2.3反身代词

反身代词的构成分两种:第一、二人称反身代词在形容词:性物主代词后加上self或selves，第三人称的反身代词在宾格代词后加_上self或selves。

反身代词的用法:一种是作宾语，由主语发出的动作又回到动作者本身。

如; I enjoyed myself at the party。 另一种是作名词或代词的同位语，用来加语气。如:I can do it myself。

2.4指示代词

指示代词的特殊用法:

(1)为了避免重复，可用that，those代替前面提到过的名词，但是this， these不可以。

(2) this ，that有时可代替句子或句子中的一部分。

2.5不定代词

如：one，some，any，other，another，all，both; each，neither，many，much等

冠词

3.1不定冠词an用在元音读音开头(不是指元音字母

)的词前，其余用不定冠词a。

3.2定冠词的基本用法

1.用在重新提到的人或事物前面。.

2.指谈话双方都知道的人或事物前面。

3.用在单数可数名词前面，表示某一类人或事物

3.3定冠词的特殊用法

1.用在世界上独一无二的事物或方位名词前。

2.用在序数词、形容词的最高级及only所修饰的名词前。

3.用在江河、海洋、山脉、湖泊、群岛的名称前面。

4.用在由普通名词和另外一些词所构成的专有名词前面。

5.用在姓氏的复数形式前面，表示全家人或这一姓的夫妇二人。

6.用在乐器名称前。

7.和某些形容词连用，表示某一类人或事物。

3.4名词前不用冠词的情况

1.在专有名词(包括人名、地名、节日、月份、季节)、物质名词和抽象名词前一不用冠词。但 在以Festival组成的民间节日前要加the。

2.表示一类人或事物的复数名词前。

3.名词前有物主代词、指示代词、不定代词或名词所有格修饰时，不用冠词。

4.三餐饭、球类、棋类、游戏名称前一般不用冠词。正在有些词组中，有无冠词含义不同。

(sit) at table就餐; sit at the table坐在桌边

go to school去上学; go to the school 去那所学校; in hospital住院; in the hospital在那个医院里

数词

4.1数字的表示

三位数数词要在百位和十位(若无十位则和个位)之间加and。

1，000以上的数字，从后向前第三位数加一个“，， ，第一个“，”前为thousand第二个“，前为million，第三个“，”前为billion。

4.2序数词除了first，second，third外，其余都在 基数词尾加-th构成。

4.3分数分子在前，分母在后，分子用基数词，分母

用序数词，当分子大于1小时，分母序数词要变成复数。

4.4 Hundreds ( thousands，millions) of-----

形容词

5.1形容词的位置

(1)形容词作定语一般要放在名词前面，但当形容词修饰不定代词something

nothing，

anything时要放在所修饰的不定代词之后。如:something important nothing serious。

(2)当形容词带有表示度量的词或词组作定语或表语时，定语或表语要后置。如:

We have dug a hole two meters deep。The hole is about two meters deep。

5.2形容词的比较等级

(1) : 单音节词和少数双音节词，在词尾加一(e) r，一(e) st来构成比较级和最高级。其他双音节词和多音节词，在前面加more，most来构成比较级和最高级。如;popular--- more popular--- mostpopular

impor tant- more important- most important

5.3副词比较级的构成

(1) 单音节副词和个别双音节副词通过加-er，-est来构成比较级和最高级。

(2)绝大多数副词借助more，most来构成比较级和最高级。

(3) 少数副词的不规则变化:原级 比较级 最高级well 一一better一一bestbadly worse

much 一 more 一most little一一less--least

far一 一farther 一一farthest ，furthest

late一一later一一latest

(4)副词的最高级前面可以不加定冠词the。

(5)常用句型有like A better than B和1ike A (the) best of (in) .

其余变化和形容词类似。

6.1 时间的介词 及介词短语

in'at,onbefore,after,till,since,for,fromto,until,by, at night, in class, in spring/summer/autumn/winter ,on Sunday , on Saturday afternoon , for a long time ,

after school , before lunch ,at the time of,at the age of

时间介词的用法;

年月季节要用in,日子前面却不行;遇到几日要用on,上午下午也是in;

要说某日上下午,用on换in才能行;说“差”可要用上to,说“过”用past 要记清;at用在时分前。

分钟表达

1. 如果分钟小于或等于30，还可借助于介词past,表示几点几分。15分钟可用a quarter来表示,半小时可用half来表示。例如:

6:20 twenty past six 7:15 a quarter past seven

2.如果分钟大于30,还可借助于介词to,这时我们则说“几点差几分”。例如:10:45 a quarter to eleven 8:50 ten to nine 7:59 one to eight3.

时间的直接表达法，即直接将小时写在前面，分钟写在后面。例如:3:20 three twenty 12:40 twelve forty

6.2地点的介词及介词短语

in,at,into'to'on,beside,before,

behind . above , under , outside , inside , upofrom,far,from,near.acrossooff,down , among , past , between , out of ,

around , in the front of , in the midd1e in th esun,in the bed.

时态

1.一般现在时

概念:表示经常发生的动作或经常存在的状态。

常和always ，often ，usually ，

sometimes，every day等表时间的状语连用。

如:

1) I go to school every day。我每天都去学校。(表经常)

2) He is always like that。他总是那样。(表状态)

构成:

1)主语+be (am/ are / is) ......

2)主语+实义动词+...

2.一般过去时

1)表示过去某个时间发生的动作或存在的状态

常和表示过去的时间状语连用。

如: yesterday ，last week，in 1998，two days ago等。

例: I went to a movie yesterday。我昨天去看了一场电影。

2) 也可表示过去经常或反复发生的动作。如: He always went to work by bike last week

构成:

主语+ be (was / were ) ......

主语+实义动词过去式.....

3.现在进行时

概念:表示现在(说话瞬间)正在进行或发生的动作。

如:He is singing。

构成:

主语+助动词be (am/are/is) +动词-ing形式构成。

4.过去进行时

概念:表示过去某一时刻或某一段时间正在进行的动作。这一特定的过去时间除了有上下文暗示外，一般用时间状语来表示。

如: 1) ---What were you doing ?

---I was jumping。

2) ---What was the boy doing when theUFO arrived ?

---He was sleeping 。

构成:

主语+助动词be ( was/were) +动词-ing形式构成。

5.一般将来时

概念:表示将来某个时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，也表示将来经常或反复发生的动作，常与表示将来的时间状语连用，

如: tomorrow，next week，next year，in the

future等。

例: He will go shopping tomorrow 。

They are going to play basketball next week

构成：

1)主语+ 助动词wi1l +动原...

2) 主语+ be goingto+动原+.

6.过去将来时

概念:表示在过去将来的某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态。

构成:

1)主语(第一人称) +助动词should +动原+...

2)主语+ would+动原+.。

3)主语+ was/ were going to +动原..

用法:过去将来时除了上下文暗示外，一般常用在间接引语中，主句谓语动词为过去时态。

例:1)Ishouldgo。

2) You knew I would come 。

7.现在完成时

构成:主语+助动词( have/has ) +动词过去分词+...

例:表示过去发生或已经完成的动作对现在造成的影响或结果。

--- Have you had. your lunch yet ?---Yes，I have。( 现在我不饿了)

8.现在完成进行时

概念:表示从过去某一时间开始持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能是刚刚开始，也可能仍在继续，并可能延续到将来。

构成:

主语+助动词(have / has ) + been+动词-ing ...

例: A.I have been sitting here for an hour

B. She has been collecting stamps for about6years。:

9.过去完成时

构成:主语+助动词had +动词过去分词..-

表示过去在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。它表示的动作发生的时间是”过去的过去”。表示过去某一时间可用by，before等构成的短语，也可用when，before， 等引导的从句或者通过上下文表示。例:

I had finished my homework when my mom cameback home。